Aphthous stomatitis, also known as canker sores, is a common condition characterized by the development of painful, shallow ulcers on the lining of the mouth. The exact cause of aphthous stomatitis is still not fully understood, but several factors are thought to contribute to its development.

These factors include:

Minor mouth injuries from dental work, hard brushing, or sports mishaps
Food sensitivities or allergies
Nutritional deficiencies, such as vitamin B12, iron, or folic acid deficiency
Hormonal changes during menstruation or menopause
Stress or anxiety
Genetic predisposition
Certain medical conditions, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or Behcet’s disease
Medications, such as beta-blockers or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

While the exact cause of aphthous stomatitis is still unclear, research suggests that it may be related to a combination of these factors, which can trigger an abnormal immune response, leading to the development of canker sores.

Treatment for aphthous stomatitis, or canker sores, typically focuses on managing symptoms, promoting healing, and preventing recurrence. Here are some common treatment options:

Topical Treatments

1. Topical anesthetics: Apply benzocaine (Orajel) or lidocaine (Xylocaine) to numb the area.
2. Anti-inflammatory gels: Use gels containing aloe vera, chamomile, or diclofenac to reduce inflammation.
3. Antimicrobial mouthwashes: Rinse with mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine or hydrogen peroxide to prevent infection.

Oral Medications

1. Pain relievers: Take over-the-counter pain medications like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil).
2. Antihistamines: Use diphenhydramine (Benadryl) to reduce itching and inflammation.

Home Remedies

1. Saltwater rinse: Rinse your mouth with warm saltwater several times a day.
2. Baking soda paste: Apply a paste made from baking soda and water to the affected area.
3. Aloe vera gel: Apply aloe vera gel directly to the canker sore.
4. Avoid spicy or acidic foods: Steer clear of foods that can irritate the canker sore.

Prescription Medications

1. Steroid mouthwashes: Use prescription steroid mouthwashes like triamcinolone (Kenalog) to reduce inflammation.
2. Immunosuppressive medications: In severe cases, medications like colchicine or thalidomide may be prescribed to suppress the immune system.

When to Seek Medical Attention

1. Severe pain: If the pain is severe and interferes with eating or drinking.
2. Large or persistent sores: If the canker sore is large or persists for more than two weeks.
3. Fever: If you have a fever in addition to the canker sore.
4. Difficulty swallowing: If you experience difficulty swallowing due to the canker sore.

Consult your healthcare provider or dentist if you experience any of these symptoms or if you have concerns about your canker sore.